
Helmets were among the oldest forms of combat protection, and are known to have been worn by ancient Greeks, Romans, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the end of the 1600s by many combatants. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with swords, flying arrows, and low-velocity musketry. They were initially constructed from leather, and then bronze and iron during the Bronze and Iron Ages, but soon came to be made entirely from forged steel in many societies after about 950A.D. Military use of helmets declined after 1670, and rifled firearms ended their use by foot soldiers after 1700. By the 18th century, cavalry units often wore steel body cuirasses, and frequently metal skull protectors under their hats, called "secrets". The often-ridiculed Prussian spiked helmet, or Pickelhaube, saved many soldiers by diverting sideways otherwise mortal sabre blows to the head. Its usefulness was ended by the increased use of heavy artillery during World War I, replaced by the German steel helmet, or Stahlhelm, and afterwards it was worn merely for tradition. Additional information on these battle helmets at the bottom of this page.